Terpene biosynthesis pathway. After reading this article you will learn about 1.
Terpene biosynthesis pathway. Floral fragrance is a crucial ornamental trait whose improvement is one … Terpenes are the largest class of small molecule natural products on Earth, and the most abundant by mass. The biosynthetic logic of terpene formation differs significantly from the logic employed by other classes of secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways. Tao and colleagues [4] discovered a new pathway for triterpene biosynthesis in which bifunctional class I terpene synthases from fungi catalyze both the synthesis of HexPP and its cyclization via their prenyltransferase (PTd) and terpene Dec 5, 2016 · Toward this goal, we have assembled two heterologous pathways for the biosynthesis of plant-derived terpenoid natural products, and we present the first examples of in vivo production of This review provides an overview of terpenes, types, biosynthesis, and their roles in protecting plants against microbial pathogens, insect pests, and weeds to rekindle the debate on using terpenes for the development of environmentally friendly biopesticides and herbicides. Our findings provide valuable insights into the biosynthesis of rose volatile terpenoid compounds and offer essential gene resources for future breeding and molecular modification efforts. PCC 6803 utilizes pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate via the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for the biosynthesis of terpenoids. (A) Synthesis of noncanonical terpenoids by the canonical mevalonate pathway and C-methyltransferases (C-MTs). 1 Biosynthesis of iridoids 3. Cannabinoids are synthesized through a common pathway in trichomes The cannabinoids are biosynthesized in the glandular trichomes, or “marijuana bud” of female flowers; trichome-poor male flowers are typically very low in cannabinoids (Livingston et al. Aerobic endospore-forming bacteria (AEFB), a diverse group of microorganisms, can thrive in various habitats and produce specialised metabolites, including terpenes. Terpenes are formed in plants through two biosynthetic pathways, namely the mevalonate pathway and the 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway (Abdallah & Quax, 2017). The biosynthetic insights gained will likely empower a greater degree of engineering proficiency for non-natural terpene biosynthetic pathways and pave the way towards the biotechnological production of high value terpenoids. Apr 26, 2023 · Despite the occurrence of terpene specialized metabolites from soft corals to mammals, the biosynthetic origin of these compounds has largely remained obscure. The action of prenyltransferases then Nature makes a wide range of complex, stereodense molecules starting with only a few acyclic terpenes (molecules constructed from isoprene units) such as farnesyl pyrophosphate (shown above). Aug 12, 2017 · An outline showing the formation of iso-, mono- and sesquiterpene biosynthetic pathways in plants catalyzed by different terpene synthases and their intra-cellular compartmentation. The blue arrows represent the bridges between the terpene biosynthesis pathway and mevalonate pathways. These precursors are synthesized by two biosynthetic pathways with different series of enzymes acting independently within discrete cellular compartments. The names of these other biosynthetic pathways are framed in blue. Sep 3, 2022 · Here, the authors reconstruct the modular structure of terpene biosynthesis on 16-carbon backbones by engineered yeast and synthesize 28 different unique terpenes. May 14, 2024 · Biosynthesis of Terpenes Regardless of differences in chemical structure among different terpenoids, all are produced from the IPP and its isomeric form DMAPP. Here we mined a fungal gene cluster that contains two predicted terpene cyclases (TCs) and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). 2021). Feb 23, 2023 · Background Synechocystis sp. Generally, terpene skeletons are formed from the cytosolic mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway and plastidial Terpene biosynthesis pathways and their subcellular organization in Arabidopsis. This study investigates the potential for terpene biosynthesis in 10 AEFB strain whole-genome sequences by performing a bioinformatics analyses to identify genes Jun 1, 2025 · For example, the unbalanced evolution of triterpene saponin biosynthetic genes was well explored in ginseng [30], and a terpene synthases (TPS)-independent geraniol biosynthetic pathway in rose species was discovered [31]. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge on multisubstrate terpene synthases (MSTSs) and highlight their potential applications. Nov 26, 2024 · Monarda citriodora Cerv. The promiscuity of TPS enzymes and terpene-oxidizing CYPs creates the possibility of simultaneously producing novel compounds [6,11,12]. Nov 29, 2019 · This functional promiscuity of terpene biosynthetic pathways renders terpene biosynthesis susceptible to rational pathway engineering using the latest developments in the field of synthetic biology. Drawing from previous studies of other crops may provide some insight and future direction for cannabis terpene production (Kessler and Kalske, 2018). Introduction to Terpenes: These substances constitute the largest group of secondary plant products and show some of the properties of lipids. However, the evolutionary patterns and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms governing these biosynthetic processes remain unclear. Momilactones from rice have allelopathic activity, the ability to inhibit growth of competing plants. In this study, differential expression genes and metabolites of Alice Craig (AC) and Solanum habrochaite (SH) were screened and analyzed by transcriptomics and metabolomics. The starting primary metabolite for terpenoids synthesis is acetyl-CoA that goes through a series of reactions to condense three molecules of acetyl-CoA to mevalonic acid. Mar 31, 2023 · Controlling the terpene biosynthesis process can be achieved by regulating genes that modulate enzyme activity [6]. tsaoko, examining their compositional characteristics and biosynthetic pathways. 3 IDS-like terpene synthases in insects 4 Structural and mechanistic evolution of insect IDS-like TPSs 5 Terpene synthases in corals and sponges 6 Conclusions and outlook Apr 3, 2025 · Nevertheless, the biochemical and molecular basis of terpenoid biosynthesis remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis and investigation of volatile compounds in L. Terpenes play crucial roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Bacterial thiotemplated assembly lines, such as type I polyketide synthases (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), are modular, with each module contributing a distinct fragment to the final prod-uct’s core structure – a Jul 13, 2023 · The principle of terpenoid biosynthesis is using terpene synthase to unite the isoprene subunit chain to form monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, and tetraterpenes according to the number of isoprene units (Huang et al. Terpenes are classified according to the number of five-carbon units present in their chemical structure. TSs and CYPs are the core components of terpene biosynthetic pathways and together are responsible for the generation of a vast array of diverse terpene structures (10 – 13, 15, 33). Dec 10, 2014 · TSs and CYPs are the core components of terpene biosynthetic pathways and together are responsible for the generation of a vast array of diverse terpene structures (10 – 13, 15, 33). Mar 25, 2025 · A Comprehensive Analysis of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Reveals Key Genes Involved in Terpenes Biosynthesis Pathway of Litsea cubeba Under Light and Darkness Treatments. This chapter considers each of the three stages of terpenoid biosynthesis, such as, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes. They are hydrocarbons or oxygenated derivatives that are synthesized in plants through two pathways: the mevalonate pathway which occurs in the cytosol and is regulated by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, and the methylerythritol phosphate pathway which occurs in the leucoplast and is Apr 19, 2025 · This study will help to discover new natural products, advance studies in terpenoid biosynthesis and enzymology, and provide model systems to probe the ecological roles of terpenes. Jul 17, 2023 · This review paper is mainly focused on the following six aspects: plant terpenes (especially terpene volatiles and plant defense); their ecological functions; their biosynthesis and transport; related synthesis genes and their regulation; terpene homologues; and research and application prospects. However, the molecular network underlying how terpenes are regulated in response to environmental stimuli remains largely unknown. These enzymes catalyse the transformation of ubiquitous acyclic prenyl diphosphate substrates into diverse hydrocarbon skeletons. This suggests that the desaturation activity of SdnH is sandwiched between the diol-forming and oxidative cleavage activities of SdnB in the pathway, with 8 as a biosynthetic intermediate. Enzymes are in red (cytosol/peroxisome), orange (plastid), or yellow (mitochondrion). Oct 15, 2023 · Drought induced differential expression and diversity-specific expression regulation of genes in the terpenoid backbone synthesis pathway in slash pine, mainly including terpene synthase gene, cytochrome P450 gene, geranyl diphosphate synthase gene and ABC transporters. ex Lag. 2020). The biosynthetic logic of terpene formation differs significant-ly from the logic employed by other classes of secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways. Apr 8, 2023 · In this work, we focus on the research progress on the transcriptional regulation of terpenes in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) and thoroughly detail the biosynthesis of terpene compounds, the terpene biosynthesis-related genes, the transcription factors involved in terpene biosynthesis, and their importance. Terpenoid hydroxylases then catalyze the oxidation to activate the different carbon skeletons. Terpene synthases (TSs) are responsible for generating much of the structural diversity found in the superfamily of terpenoid natural products. Feb 10, 2025 · Next, we identified 27 candidate hub genes for terpene production in chrysanthemum via combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis, as well as weighted gene coexpression network analysis. Various microbial platforms offer abundant precursors for terpene biosynthesis from Nov 8, 2022 · The endogenous MVA pathway provided a large number of precursors for terpene synthesis, and the exogenous introduction of terpene synthases was thus the key to successful construction of terpene biosynthesis pathways in yeast. Feb 26, 2014 · Here we describe the complete characterization of the biosynthetic pathway of fumagillin (1). Here, we summarize recent developments in elucidating the structure and function of the proteins involved in their biosynthesis. So far, exploration Sep 8, 2021 · Transcriptomic and volatile component analyses showed that high expression levels of genes from the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway and the monoterpene metabolic pathway can strengthen the floral fragrance of tree peony. In the metabolic process of terpenoid synthesis, terpenoid synthases and prenyltransferases catalyze the synthesis of biologically important terpenoid compounds (Keeling and Bohlmann Aug 5, 2024 · We constructed a terpene biosynthesis network and discovered a TPS-independent citronellol biosynthetic pathway in roses through gene functional identification, genome-wide association studies (GWASs), and multi-omic analysis. They are insoluble in water and are derived from the union of a common 5-carbon unit called as Jan 24, 2022 · Protein engineering The lack of a centralized database with adequate functionally annotated sequence data has impeded a thorough study of terpene synthases and prenyltransferases in terms of product specificity. Considering the deep connection of the MEP pathway to the central carbon metabolism, and the low carbon partitioning towards terpenoid biosynthesis, significant changes in the metabolic network are required to increase Worked Example 27 5 1: Proposing a Terpenoid Biosynthesis Pathway Propose a mechanistic pathway for the biosynthesis of α -terpineol from geranyl diphosphate. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of different aspects of plant-derived terpenoids as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds, their biosynthetic pathway, the several biological properties attributed to these secondary metabolites associated with health-promoting effects, the emerging extraction methods, and their potential In this work, we focus on the research progress on the transcriptional regulation of terpenes in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) and thoroughly detail the biosynthesis of terpene compounds, the terpene biosynthesis-related genes, the transcription factors involved in terpene biosynthesis, and their importance. From the perspectives of pathway evolution, discovery and engineering of plant specialized metabolism, the nature of the biosynthetic routes represents a critical aspect. There are two biosynthetic pathways, the mevalonate pathway [MD:M00095] and the non-mevalonate pathway or the MEP/DOXP pathway [MD:M00096], for the terpenoid building blocks: isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Apr 16, 2025 · Terpene synthase (TPS) enzymes are known to be pivotal in the biosynthesis of terpenoids in plants and microbes. We are using This review paper is mainly focused on the following six aspects: plant terpenes (especially terpene volatiles and plant defense); their ecological functions; their biosynthesis and transport; related synthesis genes and their regulation; terpene homologues; and research and application prospects. 1: Biosynthesis of Monoterpenes - Loganin is shared under a CC BY-NC 4. This paper reviews the latest research findings on the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids and their key enzyme-encoding gene families in Lauraceae plants. Based on the different substrates, hydroxylases are Feb 6, 2019 · With this focus, we first introduce biosynthetic pathways of IPP and DMAPP, and then summarize the current strategies adopted for manipulating IPP and DMAPP supply. The dashed line indicates a possible partial or complete location of MVA pathway enzymes in peroxisomes as predicted by Sapir-Mir et al. Heterologous co-expression of rose citronellol biosynthetic genes in Nicotiana benthamiana led to citronellol production. In particular little is known about the multiple regulatory mechanisms acting at the genomic, transcriptional, metabolite, and enzymatic levels. Sep 2, 2025 · Asteraceae plants have evolved a diverse array of terpenoid biosynthesis pathways, reflecting their adaptive significance and complex regulatory mechanisms. (B) Biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoid trichothecene mycotoxins from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). Feb 1, 2025 · As a class of natural compounds ubiquitous in nature, diverse terpenoids exhibit a broad spectrum of applications in human endeavors. These elegant enzymes mediate complex carbocation-based cyclization and rearrangement cascades with a Terpenes are a large class of secondary metabolites produced by plants that are built from isoprene units. We showed the flv pathway produces flavunoidine 1, an alkaloidal terpenoid. Transferring momilactone production to other crops is a potential approach to combat weeds, yet a complete biosynthetic pathway remains elusive. This chapter gives an overview and highlights recent advances in our understanding of the organization, regulation, and diversification of core and specialized terpenoid metabolic pathways, and addresses the most important functions of volatile and nonvolatile terpenoid specialized metabolites in plants. (A) Single-step biosynthesis of the monoterpene limonene, catalyzed by the cyclization of geranyl diphosphate (GPP) by a terpene synthase (TS). (b) Compartmentation of terpene biosynthesis in the plant cell. It can achieve high-titer production and high compound purity with targeted regiospecificity. Overview of the mevalonate pathway, the lepidopteran mevalonate (LVMA) pathway, and methyltransferases involved in the synthesis of canonical and noncanonical terpene backbones. As the number of functionally elucidated routes increased, the enzymatic Jan 16, 2024 · New approaches have recently been developed to expand their structural diversity. vulgare . , 2014). Bacterial thiotemplated assembly lines, such as type I polyketide synthases (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), are modular, with each module contributing a distinct fragment to the final product’s core structure – a short Oct 1, 2019 · For example, computational quantum chemical analyses have provided deeper insight into the inherent energy states driving terpene carbocation rearrangements and offer tools for predicting terpene pathways, as shown—for example, for predicting the often multi-product reactions catalyzed by sesquiterpene synthases (Isegawa et al. ) is a consequence of its essential oil which consists mostly of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Jan 1, 2015 · The association of the tomato CPT genes with terpenoid biosynthetic gene clusters [174] clearly indicates adaptive functional specialization in the tomato CPT gene family to provide short-chain prenyl diphosphates for different terpene biosynthetic pathways including trichome-specific terpene biosynthesis. 0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Robert G. 2 Horizontal gene transfer of terpene synthases in mites 3. Abbreviations for enzymes and Feb 25, 2025 · The results show that terpene biosynthesis is one of the most crucial secondary metabolic pathways in plants. Mar 15, 2021 · Biosynthesis proceeds through the same pathways in all species. We specifically focus on the mechanisms of structural genes, transcription factors, and transporters participating in the regulation of terpenoid biosynthesis. Therefore, the present study aimed to unravel and characterize the terpene synthase (TPS Jan 1, 2012 · Examples of terpenoid biosynthetic pathways. Understanding the regulation of γ-terpinene biosynthesis, a precursor for other monoterpenes, could facilitate upscaling of these metabolites in M. Feb 25, 2025 · Terpenes are a large variety of natural organic compounds that can enhance the resistance of plants to phytophagous insects through induction. Classification of Terpenes and 2. Terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are a large class of natural products consisting of isoprene (C5) units. May 11, 2022 · Here we report the discovery of a pathway featuring a norbornene synthase SdnG for the biosynthesis of sordaricin-the terpene precursor of antifungal natural product sordarin. To date, the best known biosynthetic pathway of terpenoids include mevalonic acid as an intermediate and hence called the mevalonate pathway. Known for their roles in essential oils, herbal medicine, and even pest defense, terpenes are synthesized through complex biochemical pathways. The biosynthesis of terpenes is influenced by abiotic stress factors, such as drought, temperature, or light. Apr 22, 2025 · Terpene synthase (TPS) is a key enzyme in terpene biosynthesis and is widespread in living organisms. Additionally, we discuss and compare the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway in these medicinal plants. It describes the sequence of biosynthetic transformations of each stage and reviews what is known about the enzymology, mechanism, and regulation of various key steps of the pathway. Jul 22, 2024 · We constructed a terpene biosynthesis network and discovered a TPS-independent citronellol biosynthetic pathway in roses through gene functional identification, genome-wide association studies (GWASs), and multi-omic analysis. Classical models depict biosynthesis typically from an end-point angle and as linear, for example, connecting central and specialized metabolism. Biosynthesis of Terpenes. Apr 25, 2010 · The aroma, flavor and pharmaceutical value of cultivated oregano (Origanum vulgare L. Jul 1, 2024 · To date, despite the extensive knowledge on individual enzymatic steps, we are still far from a complete and comprehensive understanding of the plant terpenoid biosynthetic network. Nov 29, 2019 · The biosynthetic insights gained will likely empower a greater degree of engineering proficiency for non-natural terpene biosynthetic pathways and pave the way towards the biotechnological production of high value terpenoids. SH significantly accumulates more terpenes than AC by up regulating the expression of relevant genes. Abstract Floral fragrance is a crucial ornamental trait whose improvement is one of the primary objectives of tree peony breeding. To investigate the biosynthetic pathway to oregano terpenes and its regulation, we identified and characterized seven terpene synthases, key enzymes of terpene biosynthesis, from two cultivars of O. In addition, a group of terpenoids of mixed biosynthetic origin arises from the addition of isoprenoid chains to molecules that come from another metabolic pathway. Dec 28, 2019 · Biosynthetic pathways containing multiple core enzymes have potential to produce structurally complex natural products. Although, the key rate-limiting genes of the monoterpene biosynthesis pathway have already been identified, the metabolic engineering of structural genes often fails to achieve the expected effect. Each arrow corresponds to one chemical conversion in the pathway. May 10, 2025 · 2. Two independent pathways, the mevalonate and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, form the C5-units IPP and DMAPP in the cytosolic and plastidic compartments, respectively. Plants contain a vast array of terpene with complex structures and biosynthetic pathways [17]. However, the molecular network underlying how terpenes are regulated in response to environmental stimuli rema … Sep 29, 2024 · Such progress has also shed light on the diversity and functionality of the terpene synthases (TPSs) gene family, a key enzyme involved in terpenoid biosynthesis. Salomon. 2014; Schmidt-Dannert 2015). The results show that terpene biosynthesis is one of the most crucial secondary May 1, 2020 · All terpenes are derived from the universal 5-carbon precursors, which are formed via two different pathways located in different subcellular compartments. TPSs structed a terpene biosynthesis network and discovered a TPS-independent citronellol biosynthetic pathway in roses through gene functional identification, genome-wide association studies (GWASs), and multi-omic analysis. Transcriptome sequencing reveals terpene biosynthesis pathway genes accounting for volatile terpene of tree peony Rongchen Li1,2 · Ziyao Li2 · Pingsheng Leng1,2 · Zenghui Hu1,2,3 · Jing Wu1,2 The substrate promiscuity of TSs not only expands the structural diversity of terpenes but also highlights their potential for the discovery of novel terpenoids via combinatorial biosynthesis. At last, how to further manage IPP and DMAPP supply to improve terpenoid biosynthesis is also proposed. The three terpenes synthesis-related genes were significantly expressed in the disc florets of the different chrysanthemum cultivars. The core of 1 is a tetracyclic, cage-like, and oxygenated 17 hours ago · Terpenes are the largest category of specialised metabolites. citriodora. Here, we provide an overview on the synthesis and metabolic pathways, regulatory pathways, and key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids. There are 6 Feb 15, 2017 · This review article describes the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids produced by Streptomyces and their related novel enzymes. May 31, 2021 · How visible light affects terpene biosynthesis remains elusive due to limited studies and terpene diversity (monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, and diterpenes). Here we have selected these two enzyme superfamilies as markers to investigate the foundations of terpene synthesis and evolution across 17 sequenced plant genomes. In general, terpene biosynthesis relies on complex mechanisms that produce a wide array of chemically diverse compounds. Oct 26, 2020 · Redirecting plant diterpene biosynthesis from the chloroplast to the cytosolic, high-flux mevalonate pathway increases intermediate and product titers to support the elucidation and reconstitution Let us make an in-depth study of the terpenes. (2008). Jul 12, 2016 · Terpene synthases are responsible for synthesis of a large number of terpenes in plants using substrates provided by two distinct metabolic pathways, the mevalonate-dependent pathway that is located in cytosol and has been suggested to be responsible for synthesis of sesquiterpenes (C15), and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway located in plastids and suggested to be responsible for Jul 29, 2022 · Tao and colleagues [ ] discovered a new pathway for triterpene biosynthesis in which bifunctional class I terpene synthases from fungi catalyze both the synthesis of HexPP and its cyclization via their prenyltransferase (PTd) and terpene cyclase (TCd) domains. May 12, 2023 · When the terpene structure presents atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, for example, oxygen, they are called terpenoids (Quin et al. Jul 24, 2024 · We constructed a terpene biosynthesis network and discovered a TPS-independent citronellol biosynthetic pathway in roses through gene functional identification, genome-wide association studies (GWASs), and multi-omic analysis. Jul 1, 2023 · Through the approaches of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, biosynthesis studies the key enzymes in the natural biosynthetic pathway of terpenoids and engineers them into appropriate microbial chassis strains for production. This review systematically explores the combinatorial biosynthesis of noncanonical building blocks via the coexpression of the canonical mevalonate (MVA) pathway and C-methyltransferases (C-MTs), or by using the lepidopteran mevalonate (LMVA) pathway. Model of Terpenoid Biosynthesis Terpene precursors, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), are synthesized through two distinct pathways: the mevalonate pathway (MVA pathway) and the 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway (MEP pathway). May 27, 2025 · The biosynthesis of terpenes is influenced by abiotic stress factors, such as drought, temperature, or light. After reading this article you will learn about 1. Many details of the complicated mechanisms that Nature uses to convert farnesyl pyrophosphate into complex terpenoid natural products such as pentalenene (above) remain to be uncovered. Terpene synthases (TPS) are key gatekeepers in the biosynthesis of C 10 –C 20 terpenoids, catalyzing the committed scaffold-forming conversion of the respective prenyl diphosphate substrates into a range of hydrocarbon or oxygenated structures. Sep 1, 2025 · Moreover, the regulation of terpenes biosynthesis, including the molecular interaction mechanisms of environmental factors and hormone signaling pathways, are comprehensively described. Using a combination of genetic knockout, chemical complementation, heterologous reconstitution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and in vitro biochemical assays, we have identified the role of each of the required pathway enzymes and biosynthetic intermediates. Heterologous co-expression of rose citronellol biosynthetic genes in led Nicotiana benthamiana to citronellol production. Jul 1, 2024 · The coupled regulation of both pathways in this context was confirmed by the reduced expression of MEP and MVA pathway, prenyltransferase and terpene synthase genes in trichomes of the af mutant and by the recovery of both flavonoid formation and terpene biosynthesis upon complementation with wild-type CHI [366,367]. is a rich source of industrially important compounds like γ-terpinene, carvacrol, thymol and thymoquinone. An increasing number of animal genome and transcriptome resources is facilitating the identification of enzymes and pathways that allow animals to produce terpenes independent of their Oct 21, 2024 · The architecture and size of the AG BGC has broadened our understanding of the genomic organization of terpene BGCs in plants, which lays the foundation for further BGC-based biosynthetic pathway Oct 8, 2024 · Triterpene biosynthetic pathway Early pathways to the scaffolds Several excellent reviews cover terpene biosynthesis in detail, so here the topic is discussed briefly [1, 4, 6, 16, 17]. Jan 11, 2022 · The regulatory mechanism of terpenoids biosynthesis has gradually become a research hot spot. Nov 10, 2022 · 3 Terpene biosynthetic pathways and enzymes in insect pheromone/defense biosynthesis 3. 2. Furthermore, the high degree of modularity and general high promiscuity in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids makes them excellent candidates for engineering synthetic pathways leading to unnatural terpenoids. This page titled 4. When looking at their structures, it becomes clear that the evolution of terpene biosynthesis must have been one of the biggest challenges for Mother Nature, but her Nov 19, 2024 · Terpenes, the aromatic compounds that give plants their unique scents, flavors, and potential health benefits, play a crucial role in nature. Read on as we dive into terpene biosynthesis, exploring how plants produce terpenes and the functions they Nov 1, 2022 · The biosynthesis of all triterpenes was previously considered to be exclusively mediated by class II terpene synthases acting on squalene or oxidosqualene. In addition, a detailed understanding of compartmentalization Jun 1, 2006 · All terpene synthase products can be subject to further secondary transformations. Terpenes form the largest and structurally one of the most intriguing classes of natural products. Mining TPS genes from the genomes and transcriptomes of diverse taxa of plants and microbes is a powerful tool for the discovery of new enzymes and new Jun 1, 2024 · Download: Download full-size image Figure 1. Plants have the highest number of TPSs, producing the greatest variety and yield of terpene compounds (Tholl 2015). Dashed arrows indicate more than one enzymatic step. Nov 4, 2024 · Interestingly, the β-citronellol biosynthesis pathway appears to be conserved in other horticultural plants like Lagerstroemia caudata and Paeonia lactiflora. Sep 8, 2021 · Main conclusion Transcriptomic and volatile component analyses showed that high expression levels of genes from the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway and the monoterpene metabolic pathway can strengthen the floral fragrance of tree peony. The efficient discovery of novel terpenoids and the establishment of a terpene library for broad utilization represent pressing challenges in terpenoid natural product research. In this review paper, recent developments in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, indepth description of terpene synthases and their phylogenetic analysis, regulation of terpene biosynthesis as well as updates of terpenes which have entered in the clinical studies are reviewed thoroughly. Feb 27, 2025 · The biosynthesis of terpenoids is facilitated through two principal pathways: the mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the methyl-erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, both of which produce the universal precursors, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) [5]. Jul 3, 2024 · Genetic engineering and heterologous biosynthesis are promising tools for overcoming this limitation, but little is known about red algal terpene biosynthetic routes. Jan 29, 2002 · The picture is complicated by the exchange of certain terpene precursors between the two compartments; because of this crosstalk between the two pathways, terpenes synthesized in plastids can be derived in part from the cytoplasmically located mevalonate pathway and vice versa. iotp xurid 1jsq3a 1zlp4y7h 1fds 4ym oe xlib8b ei9 k9